Terminología Jurídica Extranjera II - Guía para el primer parcial.

UNIT 1

1. Discovery Stage: the period before a trial when requests for documents, interviews and legal actions are made.
2. Request for production: legal demand for the opposing party's information in a lawsuit.
3. Opposing: being in conflict with another person, team or army.
4. Interrogatory: set of written questions that one party in a lawsuit asks the other party before a trial.
5. Request for admissions: asks a defendant to agree or deny certain facts that pertain to a legal case.
6. Privileged: A conversation that is confidential and cannot be revealed at court.
7. Physical examination: an assessment of a person's body for disease or injury.
8. Mental examination: an assessment of a person's state of mind.
9. Settlement: an agreement between two legal parties that is reached through negotiation, rather than by a court ruling.
10. Subpoena: an order from the court for a witness to appear at a certain time and place and to bring all relevant documents.

UNIT 2

1. Testimony: spoken evidence given by a witness under oath at trial.
2. Facts: any information or event that must be proved through endure of a trial.
3. Perjury: the crime of lying after swearing to tell the truth before a notary public or court official.
4. Attest: something to confirm that a legal document is legit.
5. Sworn statement: a spoken or written statement made under oath.
6. Signature of affiant: 
1. A person name, written in his or her own hand, particularly on legal or affinal documents.
2. A person who signs an affidavit and swears tht the statements in it are true.
7. Notary public: a person certified by his or her state to certify documents and administer oaths.
8. Affidavit: written document in which the signer swears that the statements are true before an authorized person such a notary public.

UNIT 3

1. Memorandums: is a written document summarizing the important points of a larger document or case.
2. Heading: the part of a memo that identifies the sender, recipient and other basic information about the document.
3. Assignment: section of a memo explaining what the document is about.
4. State of facts: consolidates information about a case in a clear, concise way.
5. Issues: discusses the legal matter pertaining the case.
6. Conclusions: the final thoughts after consideration of the matters discussed.
7. Pertinent: related to the case at hand
8. Analysis: this part is the writer's thoughtful asessment of the facts included in the memo.
9. Citations: refer to other document or cases.
10. Recommendations: sugestions about the next steps to be taken.

UNIT 4

1. Briefs: written legan document presented to a court to argue the case of one party over another.
2. Legal briefs: is presented before a trial begins in order to state a party's position and offer reasons why the court should rule in its favor.
3. Trial briefs: document containing a summary of a party's case, including its legan position and evidence, and issued byt attorneys during trial.
4. Commences: to begin.
5. Merit briefs: adresses the inherent rights and wrongs of a case without any emotional or technical biases.
6. Unbiased: impartial and without prejudice.
7. Merit: evaluates the factual information without emotional or contextual considerations.
8. Dismissed: to throw the case out of court without further consideration.
9. Amicused briefs: type of brief which is filed by people who are not directly part of the case such as groups that have an interest in the outcome.
10. Advocacy group: it works to uphold the rights of a particular party or cause.
11. Appelate briefs: type of brief which is filed after a trial has finished in an attempt to appeal or overun the decision of the court.

UNIT 5

1. Motion: application in which the party issuing themotion seeks a decision, ruling or order.
2. Motion to dismiss: asks the court to decide that an issue is not one that should be heard in court.
3. Motion for summary judgment: asks the court to decide a case on the avaible evidences without a trial.
4. Motion to strike: asks the court to remove all orr part of one's party's evidence on a witness testimony. 
5. Motion to compel: asks the court to order either party in a case, or a third party to take specified action. 
6. Motion to protect the order: asks the court to protect a party or witness from harm or harassment.
7. Harassed: to subject him or her to continued, unwanted and annoying pestering, often including threats and demands.
8. Movant: the party issuing the motion.
9. Nonmovant: the party opposing the motion.
10. Motion for change of venue: asks the court to move the trial to another location.
11. Ruling: the judge's decision on a motion.
12. Motion for a new trial: asks the court to set aside a ruling or jury decision becayse of an error or exclusion.

UNIT 6

1. Tort: any wrongful act, whether intentional or accidental where injury occurs to another person or party.
2. Injured party: the person who has been hurt through accident, negligence or other wringful acts
3. Misconduct: 
1. Behavior that is wrong or improper.
2. An act of intentional wrongdoing.
4. Civil litigation: any legal case that is not a criminal proceeding in which a plaintiff seeks to be compensated.
5. Tort action: civil lawsuit that seeks remedy for a wrongful act.
6. Defamation: act of making untrue and damaging statements about another person or party.
7. Damages: the money that a party receivs for all injuries or problems relating to a lawsuit.
8. Harm to person: pain or injury to a person's body.
9. Harm to property: damage or destruction to a person's belongings or holdings.
10. Injury: any harm to a person's body caused by an accident or negligence or ather wrongful acts.
11. Intent: the wish or decision to act in particular way prior to doing so.
12. Deliberate: the act made when someone has considered it intentionally carried out.

Terminología Jurídica Extranjera - Guía Segundo Parcial

UNIT 8

Clerk of the court: A person who assists the judge with writing or administration.
Jury box: Where the jury sits during a trial.
Bailiff: Is an officer in court who keeps order and enforces good behavior.
Defense: The person accused of wrongdoing and his or her attorney.
Prosecution: Is the person and his or her attorney or just the attorney taking legal action against someone.
Presides: Means to be in charge of a formal meeting or ceremony.
Proceedings: Series of events that happen in a formal, controlled way.
Court reporter: The person who writes everything that is said in court.
Jurors: A member of the jury.


UNIT 9

Arraignment: When a person if formally charged with an offence and has the opportunity to plead guilty or not guilty.
Charged: To accuse someone formally of a crime.
Plea bargain: During it, a suspect is given the chance to stand trial for a lesser offence if he pleads guilty.
Sentenced: To formally decide what punishment they will have for their crime.
Acquitted: To decide officially that someone is not guilty of a crime.
Discovery: When a lawyer asks for and examines information about a case from the lawyer on the opposing side.
Pre-trial hearing: Is a meeting between the lawyers, the defendant, tha plaintiff and the judge before the trial, in which they attempt to come to an agreement.
Supress: To supress evidence mans to prevent other people from seeing or using it.
Hung jury: A jury that cannot agree on whether someone is guilty or innocent.
Mistrial: A trial in which no decision is made or in which the trial is declared invalid due to legal errors.


UNIT 10

Protocol: Is one of a system of rules about how to behave for formal occasions.
All rise: The clerk says "all rise" when the judge enters a courtroom. Everyone stands up.
Sworn in: If you're sworn in, you have promised to tell the truth in court.
Under oath: Someone is underoath when they have promised to tell the truth in court.
Perjury: The crime of lying while giving evidence in court.
Interrupt: Means to speak when the other person has not finished speaking.
Address: To talk to someone using a formal word or phrase.
Your Honor: The correct way to address the judge.
Approach the bench: To go near the bench.
The well: The space in front of the judge in a courtroom.
Off the record: If someone speaks off the record, they do not want it to be reported in public.


UNIT 11

Punish: To punish someone means to make them suffer for wrongdoing.

Commit crimes: To commit a crime means to disobey or break the law.

Trespassing: To go onto private land without permission from the owner.

Fine: Is a punishment in which someone must pay money.

Probation: Is a period of time in which a criminal must behave well, otherwise he will go to jail.

Offend: Means to break the law.

Jail: Large secure building where criminals may go if they commit a crime.

Assault: Attacking another person.

Battery: Means hurting another person.

Capital punishment: Means punishing a person with death.

Murder: Is the crime of killing another person.

UNIT 12

Civil law: Is a law which deals with disputes between individuals and/or organizations.

Tort law: Is a law which is involved in getting compensation for a civil wrongdoing that caused loss or injury.

Monetary damages: If it's monetary is in the form of money, 

Injunctions: Is an official court order that stops a person or company from doing something or forces them to do it.

Liability: Legal responsability.

Negligence: Is failure to do the things that you have a duty to do.

Compensation:  Is an award to make up for a wrongdoing that affected you in the past.

Punitive damages: Are fees that must be paid in punishment for a wrongdoing.

Probate: Is the act of dealing with a dead person's property and will.

Divorce: A judicial declaration dissolving a marriage in whole or in part.

UNIT 13

Regulations: An official rule.

Licenses: Is a paper which gives permission for you to do or own something.

Accreditations: Is an official authority to take a certain action.

Bureaucracy: Is an administrative system ran by many offices, administrators and petty officials. It normally involves large amounts of official paperwork.

Resolve: Find a solution to a problem.

Administrative law: Branch of law governing the creation and operation of administrative agencies.

Disciplinary actions: Steps taken to punish a person or business that has not correctly followed the rules.

Negociate: To manage to come to an agreement over a difficult situation.

Government agencies: Administrative department which is run by the government.

Jeopardize: If something jeopardizes something else, it has a seriously negative effect on it.

UNIT 14

Wrongful termination: If something is wrongful, it is illegal or incorrect. Termination is the loss of employment against one's will.

Assertion: Statement of one's beliefs.

Valid: Something based on the truth and can be accepted.

Eliciting factual: If you elicit information, you get the information by talking to and questioning people. If something is factual, it is based on facts, not beliefs.

Beliefs: Something that you think is, but may not really be true.

Obtained: To get something.

Documentation: Is paper that proves something is true or that something happened.

Recommend: To recommend something is to state that it should be done.

Terminología Jurídica Extranjera - Conceptos para el primer parcial.

UNIT 1 - BASIC LEGAL TERMS.

1. Attorney. An attorney is a person who works in law and gives legal advice.
2. Complaint. A complaint is an accusation in a civil court.
3. Court. A court is a place where justice is administered.
4. Defendant. A defendant is the person who has been accused of wrong doing in the legal system.
5. Judge. A judge is the person who is in charge of and decides cases in a court.
6. Jury. A jury is a group of people who listen to evidence and decide whether someone is guilty of innocent in a court case.
7. Legal System. A country's legal system is the method of interpreting laws and putting them into effect.
8. Paralegal. A paralegal is an attorney's assistant with specialized legal training.
9. Plaintiff. A plaintiff is a person or company who brings a case to court against another person because they want to recover compensation for loss or injury.
10. Verdict. A verdict is a jury's decision regarding whether someone is guilty or innocent.

UNIT 2 - BASIC LEGAL CONCEPTS.

1. Appeal. An appeal is a request for a decision to be investigated again. / To appeal means to ask for a problem to be investigated again, in order to have a decision.
2. Damages. Damages are the money a person receives to compensate for loss or injury.
3. Dispute. A dispute is a disagreement or conflict.
4. Due process. Due process is a citizen's guarantee that he or she will receive a fair trial.
5. Initiate. To start something.
6. Lawsuit. A vernacular term for a suit, action, or cause instituted or depending between two private persons iu the courts of law.
7. Legal action. Legal action is the use of lawyers and the legal system to help solve a problem.
8. Proof. Proof (or evidence) is information, documentary or verbal, which can help to show the truth in a case.
9. Settle. To settle is to come to an agreement and end a dispute without further need of litigation.
10. Trial. A trial is an event in court in which a jury or judge decides if someone is innocert or guilty.

UNIT 3 - LEGAL RESOURCES.

1. Case annotations. Case annotations are articles about individual legal cases.
2. Cases. A general term for an action, cause, suit, or controversy, at law or in equity.
3. Cite. To cite something is to write information that you found in another book and mention wh wrote it originally.
4. Computerized databases. A computerized database is a collection of texts and information which is avaible on a computer.
5. Digest. A digest is a legal book which summarizes individual cases.
6. Form books. A form book is a collection of forms and documents which are required or recommended to be used in legal cases.
7. Journals. A journal is an academic magazine which presents formal articles.
8. Law. The whole system or set of rules made by the government of a town, state, country, etc.
9. Legal encyclopedias. A legal encyclopedia is a book which gives brief information about a wide range of legal matters.
10. Opinions. In the law of evidence, opinion is an inference or conclusion drawn by a witness from facts some of which are known to him and others assumed, or drawn.
11. Primary Materials. Primary materials are texts which give information about the government's laws.
12. References. In a document, a reference is the details about a book and its author that was used to help write the documents. A reference is made to show where information comes from.
13. Resources. A resource is a person or thing that gives information or help.

UNIT 4 - SOURCES OF LAW.

1. Constitutional law. If a law is constitutional, it is connected with the way the state or country is governed, especially with regars to the rights of the people in that place.
2. Court rules. Court rules are the regulations that people must follow in court.
3. Legislation. Legislation is a law or set of laws that is formally decided and put in force by a government.
4. Pertain. If something pertains to something else, it is connected to it.
5. Policy. A policy is a principle which the law encourages.
6. Precedent. A precedent is a decision in a past law case. Lawyers use this information because future cases may result in similar decisions.
7. Procedure. A procedure is a set of steps you must follow in order to do something correctly.
8. Relevant. If something is relevant, it is connected with what is happening.
9. State Law. State law is the set of rules which applies in one area of a country.
10. Statute. A statute is a law that has been written down formally.

UNIT 5 - PRELIMINARY DOCUMENTS.

1. Agenda. The Agenda is a term of parliamentary law and procedure referring to a program, written notice and order of business at an upcoming meeting.
2. Correspondence. Correspondence is letters and emails.
3. Demand package. A demand package is a request for a set of documents related to a case.
4. Fee agreement. A fee agreement is a document that outlines an attorney's cost and expenses.
5. Form letter. A form letter is a letter which is printed many times and sent to may different people.
6. Intake memo. An intake memo is a questionnaire or set of notes that a lawyer writes for a new client.
7. Litigation. Litigation is the process of taking a case to court where a dispute can be heard and a decision made.
8. Medical records. A medical record is a document containing information about your health.
9. Police report. A police report is a document that police officers write in order to report a crime.
10. Retainer agreement. A retainer agreement is a contract between an attorney and a client for the retention of the attorney's services.

UNIT 6 - COURT STRUCTURE.

1. Bankruptcy. Bankruptcy is the situation when a person announces to a court that he has no money.
2. Claims. People make a claim when they ask for something that they believe belong to them.
3. Court of appeals. An appellate court intermediate between the trial courts and the court of last resort.
4. Discretionary review. If a case is discretionay, a court can choose whether or not to investigate it.
5. District courts. A district court is a general court that covers cases in a small area.
6. Jurisdiction. Judisdiction is the authority of an official organization to deal with, hear and decide legal disputes.
7. Reviews. A reconsideration; second view or examination; revision ; consideration for purposes of correction.
8. Specialized courts. If something is specialized, it concentrates on a specific area.
9. State courts. A state court investigates cases that are concerned with state laws, not national laws.
10. The Supreme Court. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the USA, and it reviews the biggest and most important cases.

UNIT 7 - JURISDICTION.

1. Adjudicate. When somebody adjucates, he acts as a judge in a formal matter.
2. Authority. Authority is the right to control people or organizations.
3. Concurrent. If authority is concurrent, it can be shared by different legal bodies.
4. Exclusive. If authority is exclusive, it is held by one body and is not shared.
5. Forum shopping. Forum shopping is the act of choosing which court to take your case to.
6. Legal bodies. A legal body is an organization with power to make or enforce laws.
7. Personal jurisdiction. Personal jurisdiction is the authority of an official organization over a certain type of person.
8. Rule in favor. When a decision rules in someone's favor, the decision benefits that person.
9. Subject jurisdiction. Subject jurisdiction is the authority of an official organization over a particular subject area.
10. Territorial jurisdiction. Territorial jurisdiction is the authority of an official organization over a certain geographical region.